Resumo Mancha-de-Bipolaris é uma das mais importantes doenças foliares do milho. Estratégias de manejo adequadas e o uso de cultivar resistente permitem o controle da doença, mas para tanto, conhecer os aspectos associados ao patógeno e a resposta do hospedeiro é necessário para traçar estratégias eficientes para seleção de genótipos resistentes a essa doença. Neste sentido, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização do isolado de Bipolaris maydis avaliando a patogenicidade em diferentes linhagens de milho-pipoca e os sintomas gerados no hospedeiro a partir da inoculação. A caracterização do isolado consistiu na avaliação macromorfológica das colônias e micromofológica dos conídios em meio nutritivo BDA. Para avaliação da patogenicidade do isolado foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação utilizando 20 linhagens endogâmicas de milho-pipoca, com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A inoculação foi realizada por meio de pulverização em folhas, com uma suspensão contendo 1,0 x 104 conídios.ml-1 do isolado CF/UENF 501 de B. maydis. Foi realizada uma avaliação de incidência e três avaliações de severidade dos sintomas da doença, com o intervalo de sete dias para cada avaliação. Os dados da caracterização morfológica do isolado foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e para severidade da doença foi aplicado o modelo de regressão linear de primeiro grau. Realizou-se a análise de variância para o coeficiente linear e angular obtido para cada tratamento e quando constatada diferença aplicou-se o agrupamento de médias de Scott-knott a 5% de significância. O isolado apresentou colônias com coloração cinza esverdeado, aspecto algodonoso e forma irregular. As linhagens L353 e L354 e L624 estão entre as linhagens que apresentaram maior resistência no inicio e ao longo das avaliações. A elevada virulência do isolado CF/UENF 501 possibilitou diferenciar as linhagens quanto a intensidade da doença, bem como o padrão dos sintomas apresentados.

Abstract Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is one of the most important corn leaf diseases. Appropriate management strategies and the use of resistant cultivars allow disease control. Therefore, knowing the aspects related to the pathogen and the response of hosts makes it possible to design efficient strategies for selecting genotypes resistant to this disease. In this sense, the objective was to carry out the Bipolaris maydis isolate characterization, evaluating the pathogenicity in different popcorn lines and the symptoms generated in the host after inoculation. The isolate characterization consisted of the macromorphological evaluation of the colonies and the micromorphological evaluation of the conidia in the PDA medium. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolate, using 20 inbred lines of popcorn in a randomized block design with four replicates. Inoculation was carried out by spraying leaves, with a suspension containing 1.0 x 104 conidia.ml-1 of the CF/UENF 501 isolate of B. maydis. An incidence assessment and three assessments of disease symptom severity were performed, with seven days intervals between evaluations. The morphological characterization data of the isolate were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and for disease severity, the linear regression model was applied the first-degree model. The variance analysis was performed for the linear and angular coefficients obtained for each treatment. When a difference was found, the Scott-Knott clustering algorithm at 5% significance was applied. The isolate had gray-green colonies, a cottony appearance, and an irregular shape. The lines L353, L354, and L624 show more resistance at the beginning and throughout the evaluations. The high virulence of the CF/UENF 501 isolate made it possible to differentiate the lines in terms of disease intensity and the pattern of symptoms presented.

Abstract This paper presents a radiopropagation algorithm based on a Ray Tracing (RT) technique that combines a modified multipath model for constant refractivity gradient profiles and the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). A novel formulation is proposed by the authors for calculation and ground-reflection analysis of ray paths depending on atmospheric refractivity. The algorithm introduced herein was evaluated in a mixed scenario and in two more realistic case studies, under conditions of constant refractivity gradient and lossy terrain profiles. Pathloss results are obtained and compared with Parabolic Equation (PE) numerical solution results at 2.0 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.4 GHz. In such conditions, the modified radiopropagation multipath algorithm with atmospheric refractivity introduced herein showed satisfactory results.

Resumo O uso de mais de uma técnica de controle pode maximizar a redução dos danos causados pelo fungo Asperisporium caricae agente causal da pinta preta na cultura do mamoeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade dos fungos Hansfordia pulvinata e Acremonium spp. a produtos alternativos com potencial para uso no controle da pinta-preta. Três isolados de Acremonium spp. (A-598, A-602 e A-617) e um isolado de H. pulvinata (H-611) foram cultivados em meio BDA contendo Agro-Mos®, Bion®, Ecolife®, Hortifospk®, Matriz G®, Vitaphol® separadamente. Fungicida Amistar 500WG® foi utilizado como controle positivo e BDA puro, como controle negativo. A toxicidade dos produtos testados foi determinada com base nos valores do índice biológico, provenientes das médias do crescimento micelial, esporulação e germinação de conídios, em cada unidade experimental. Dessa forma foi possível selecionar os produtos classificados como compatíveis para todos os isolados, e testá-los in vivo. Em casa de vegetação, somente os isolados e os isolados com produtos selecionados, foram aplicados em plantas de mamoeiro com sintomas foliares de pinta-preta. Avaliaram-se a incidência de folhas com hiperparasitas e a porcentagem de lesões de pinta-preta colonizadas pelos isolados testados. Assim o isolado H-611 mostrou-se compatível com a maioria dos produtos alternativos testados, exceto com Hortifos®. Os produtos Bion® e Matriz® apresentaram compatibilidade com todos os isolados testados, podendo ser utilizados em conjunto com o Acremonium spp. e H. pulvinata para controlar a pinta-preta do mamoeiro, uma vez que estes produtos não apresentaram toxidade sobre os fungos hiperparasitas.

Abstract The use of more than one control technique can maximize the reduction of the damages caused by the fungus Asperisporium caricae causal agent of the black spot in the papaya crop. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of the fungi Hansfordia pulvinata and Acremonium spp. to alternative products with potential for use in the control of the black-spotted ptarmigan. Three isolates of Acremonium spp. (A-598, A-602 and A-617) and an isolate of H. pulvinata (H-611) were grown in BDA medium containing Agro-Mos®, Bion®, Ecolife®, Hortifospk®, Matriz G®, Vitaphol® separately. The Amistar 500WG ® fungicide was used as a positive control and pure BDA as a negative control. The toxicity of the tested products was determined based on the values of the biological index, derived from the means of mycelial growth, sporulation and germination of conidia, in each experimental unit. In this way it was possible to select the products classified as compatible for all isolates, and to test them in vivo. In the greenhouse, only the isolates and isolates with selected products, were applied in papaya plants with foliar symptoms of black-spotted. The incidence of leaves with hyperparasites and the percentage of black-painted lesions colonized by the tested isolates were evaluated. Thus, the H-611 isolate proved to be compatible with most of the alternative products tested, except with Hortifos®. Bion® and Matrix® products were compatible with all tested isolates and could be used in conjunction with Acremonium spp. and H. pulvinata to control the papaya black spot, since these products did not present toxicity on the hyperparasitic fungi.

Resumo Cosmarium bromelicola sp. nov. é uma nova espécie de desmídia descrita a partir de amostragens realizadas em tanques de bromélias (fitotelmata) de uma área de afloramentos rochosos na Serra da Jiboia, Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. A presença de células trapeziformes com uma depressão profunda na região apical e célula em forma de X em vista lateral são as características diagnósticas da espécie. Relações com os táxons morfologicamente próximos são discutidas.

Abstract Cosmarium bromelicola sp. nov. is a new desmid species described from samplings carried out in bromeliad tanks (phytotelmata) from an area of rocky outcrops at Serra da Jiboia, Bahia State, Northeast Brazil. Presence of subtrapeziform cells with a deep depression at the apical region and twisted X-shaped cell in side view are the diagnostic features for the species. Relationships with the morphologically closest taxa are discussed.

Abstract: Introduction: A low-vision (LV) rehabilitated child can receive comprehensive education. Objec tive: To study the profile of school children referred for evaluation to a rehabilitation project in a social assistance agency. Patients and Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study of beneficiaries evaluated between September 2015 and September 2016 in the National Board of School Assistan ce and Scholarships (JUNAEB). The referral diagnosis, monocular visual acuity (VA) with optical correction at far (Feinbloom chart) and close (Zeiss chart) distances were considered. They were classified according to VA and perimetry. Treatment success was considered if VA reaches > 0.4 at far and/or close distances with optical devices. Results: 278 students were assessed. 153 (55%) were men, 121 (43.5%) between the ages of 10 to 14. Bilateral congenital cataract, retinal dystrophies, high myopia, optic atrophy, and congenital nystagmus were the most frequent pathologies. 224 students (80.6%) received optical devices. 85 (37.9%) presented moderate LV and 63 (28.6%) severe LV; 122 (54.5%) presented normal perimetry, 68 (30.4%) tubular Visual Field (VF), 19 (8.5%) sectoral VF defects, and 15 (6.7%) central scotoma. 198 (88.4%) students achieved visual success at a far distance and all achieved visual success at a near distance. 48 (17.2%) students could not be rehabilitated due to a neuro-ophthalmological condition (41.7%), high refractive error (16.6%) or congenital glauco ma (10.4%).Six (2.2%) cases improved VA with a new optical correction. Conclusion: This success demonstrates the need to provide low vision aids to schoolchildren with LV. Our challenge is to maintain this program and to educate ophthalmologist for timely referral.

Resumen: Introducción: Un niño con baja visión (BV) rehabilitado puede tener una educación integral. Objetivo: Estudiar el perfil de los escolares derivados para evaluación a un Proyecto de Rehabilitación en un organismo de apoyo social. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal descriptivo de beneficiarios evaluados entre septiembre 2015 y septiembre 2016 en JUNAEB. Se consideró diagnóstico de derivación, agudeza visual monocular (AV) con corrección óptica para lejos (cartillas Feinbloom) y cerca (cartillas Zeiss). Se clasificaron según AV y perimetría. Se consideró éxito de tratamiento lograr AV > 0,4 para le jos y/o cerca con ayuda óptica. Resultados: Se evaluaron 278 escolares. 153 (55%) fueron hombres, 121(43,5%) entre 10 a 14 años. Catarata congénita bilateral, distrofias retinales, alta miopía, atrofia óptica y nistagmus congénito fueron las patologías más frecuentes. 224 (80,6%) se habilitaron con ayudas. 85 (37,9%) presentaron BV moderada y 63 (28,6%) BV severa. 122 (54,5%) presentaban perimetría normal, 68 (30,4%) campo visual (CV) tubular, 19 (8,5%) defecto sectorial del CV y 15 (6,7%) compromiso central del CV. 198 (88,4%) escolares lograron éxito visual de lejos y todos lograron éxito visual de cerca. 48 (17,2%) escolares no pudieron ser rehabilitados, estando asocia dos a una afección neuroftalmológica (41,7%), alto error refractivo (16,6%) o glaucoma congénito (10,4%). 6 (2,2%) casos mejoraron su AV con nueva corrección óptica. Conclusión: El éxito obteni do demuestra la necesidad de habilitar visualmente a escolares con BV. Nuestro desafío es mantener este programa y educar al oftalmólogo prestador para una derivación oportuna.

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of linguatulosis in bovine viscera in a slaughterhouse in Curicó, VII Region, Chile. The macroscopic examination of the liver, lungs, heart and the mediastinal, mesenteric and hepatic lymph nodes of 269 cattle was performed. In cases of lesions compatible with linguatulosis, the viscera were considered positive and these were observed under a stereoscope to reach the etiological diagnosis, considering as positive the lesions that presented one or more nymphs. The results showed that 11.89% of the cattle presented lesions compatible with linguatulosis in the viscera analysed and only one (0.37%) presented the positive etiological diagnosis of Linguatula serrata nymphs. The largest number of compatible lesions was found in the liver (81.8%), followed by mesenteric lymph nodes (9.1%), hepatic lymph nodes (6.1%) and lungs (3.0%). No lesions were detected in the heart and mediastinal lymph nodes. There is no validated method to identify macroscopic lesions caused by linguatulosis, so the finding of compatible lesions can be biased since these could be caused by other agents. Linguatulosis is non-notifiable disease in Chile, despite being considered as a zoonotic disease and having importance in public health.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de linguatulosis en vísceras de bovinos beneficiados en una planta faenadora de la ciudad de Curicó, VII Región, Chile. Se realizó el examen macroscópico del hígado, pulmones, corazón y de los linfonodos mediastinales, mesentéricos y hepáticos de 269 bovinos. En los casos de lesiones compatibles con linguatulosis, la víscera se consideró positiva y estas fueron observadas bajo estereoscopio para llegar al diagnóstico etiológico, considerando como positivo las que presentaron una o más ninfas. El 11.89% de los bovinos presentaron lesiones compatibles con linguatulosis en las vísceras analizadas y solo uno (0.37%) presentó el diagnóstico etiológico positivo con presencia de ninfa de Linguatula serrata. La mayor cantidad de lesiones compatibles se encontraron en el hígado (81.8%), seguido en linfonodos mesentéricos (9.1%), linfonodos hepáticos (6.1%) y pulmón (3.0%). No se detectaron lesiones en corazón y linfonodos mediastinales. No existe un método validado para identificar lesiones macroscópicas causadas por la linguatulosis, de modo que el hallazgo de lesiones compatibles puede causar sesgos, ya que estas podrían ser causadas por otros agentes. La linguatulosis no es una enfermedad de notificación obligatoria en Chile, a pesar de considerarse como una enfermedad zoonótica y tener importancia en salud pública.

Resumen: Introducción: La tendencia actual es diferir la cirugía de revascularización de miembros inferiores hasta etapas avanzadas, lo que explica que sean pacientes de mayor complejidad con alta morbimortalidad cardíaca y respiratoria. Los mayores avances para reducirlas, se han desarrollado en la preparación de los pacientes y en las técnicas quirúrgicas. La elección de la técnica anestésica no ha sido considerada un factor determinante. Los bloqueos regionales presentan potenciales ventajas, como mayor estabilidad hemodinámica y respiratoria. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica y presentación de casos clínicos sobre la utilidad de los bloqueos periféricos para anestesia en la cirugía de revascularización de miembros inferiores. Material y métodos: La búsqueda se realizó a través de la base de datos Medline, LILACS y SciELO. Se incluyeron estudios donde los bloqueos periféricos se utilizaron para anestesia. Se describen dos casos clínicos. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 4 artículos originales, 3 de ellos eran estudios descriptivos de la técnica y el cuarto una comparación con anestesia general inhalatoria. 2más correspondieron a casos clínicos. Conclusiones: No existe evidencia suficiente que permita concluir que reducen la mortalidad o la morbilidad cuando se la compara con las demás técnicas anestésicas. Esto puede ser debido al diseño metodológico de los estudios, a la no utilización de la ecografía como guía y la no sistematización de los bloqueos. El análisis de los casos clínicos sugiere que en situaciones específicas como pacientes de alto riesgo cardíaco y respiratorio, bajo tratamiento con anticoagulantes y antiagregantes estos presentan ventajas sobre las otras técnicas.

Abstract: Background: The current trend is to defer revascularization surgery from lower limbs to advanced stages, which explains why they are more complex patients with high cardiac and respiratory mortality. The choice of anesthetic technique remains controversial. Regional blockades have potential advantages, such as hemodynamic and respiratory stability. Our primary objective was a bibliographic review to assess the peripheral blockages for anesthesia in lower limb revascularization surgery. Our secondary objective was report two clinical cases. Material and methods: The search was performed through the Medline, LILACS and SciELO database. We included studies where peripheral blocks were used for anesthesia. Two clinical cases are described. Results: Four original articles were selected, 3 of which were descriptive studies of the technique and the fourth a comparison with general inhalation anesthesia. 2 more corresponded to clinical cases. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that peripheral nerve block reduce mortality or morbidity when compared with other anesthetic techniques. This may be due to the methodological design of the studies, to the non-use of echocardiography as a guide and the non-systematization of the blocks. The analysis of the clinical cases suggests that this technique is a good option in specific situations as patients with high cardiac and respiratory risk, under treatment with anticoagulants and antiplatelets drugs.

The ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD RS IV) is a questionnaire with 18 items which evaluates attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity that make up the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The contribution of this study to the research of ADHD are two: the analysis of the psychometric properties of ADHD RS IV in an adaptation of self-report format and reporting a study in a context where there is not a previous research. Method: The research is based on a quantitative no experimental design, transactional court, in order to adapt an instrument in a new context. Data analysis was based on statistical processes Cronbach’s alpha, correlation of each item with the total scale, measures of central tendency and dispersion, comparison of means using Student’s t, Pearson correlation and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: We found adequate internal consistency coefficients for scales attention deficit, hyperactivity/impulsivity and total ADHD. Each of the scales were significantly correlated and they permit evaluate different aspects of human cognition and behavior. The goodness of fit of the model tested in confirmatory factor analysis allows us to replicate the scale in its classic composition. Conclusions: The ADHD RS IV has adequate psychometric properties to be administered in the form of self-reporting for the assessment of impulsivity/hyperactivity, attention deficit or a combination of both symptomatology in the Ecuadorian context.

El instrumento ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD RS IV) es un cuestionario de 18 ítems que permite valorar el déficit de atención, la hiperactividad e impulsividad que conforman el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH). El aporte del presente estudio a la línea de investigación del TDAH se basa en el análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento en una adaptación en formato de auto-reporte, además, se trata de un estudio no realizado previamente en el contexto ecuatoriano. Método: La investigación se basa en un diseño cuantitativo no experimental, de corte transeccional, con el fin de adaptar un instrumento en un contexto nuevo. El análisis de datos se basó en los procesos estadísticos Alfa de Cronbach, correlación de cada ítem con el total de la escala, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, comparación de medias mediante t de Student, correlación de Pearson y análisis factorial confirmatorio. Resultados: Se encontraron coeficientes de consistencia interna adecuados para las escalas déficit de atención, hiperactividad/impulsividad y escala total TDAH. Cada una de las escalas se correlaciona significativamente, midiendo diferentes aspectos de la cognición y el comportamiento humano. La bondad de ajuste del modelo testeado en el análisis factorial confirmatorio permite replicar la escala en su composición clásica. Conclusiones: La ADHD RS IVposee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para ser administrada en formato de auto-reporte, para realizar una valoración de la impulsividad/hiperactividad, déficit de atención o la combinación de ambas sintomatologías en el contexto ecuatoriano.

Resumen La comida chatarra se ha convertido en parte de los hábitos alimentarios de nuestra sociedad, siendo un factor determinante del sobrepeso y obesidad, entre otras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, que atentan contra la buena salud que deberían gozar los estudiantes para un óptimo rendimiento académico. Una investigación realizada en Chile a estudiantes mostró que el 58,6 % consume comida chatarra debido a una ingesta inadecuada del desayuno, la omisión de ciertos tiempos de comida; el consumo de alimentos de mala calidad preparados en cafeterías de la misma universidad o lugares aledaños a causa de la falta de tiempo por la distancia hasta sus hogares. La misma realidad se ha observado en nuestra ciudad, de ahí la importancia de realizar y obtener resultados con este estudio. Objetivo: Identificar factores y determinantes de consumo de comida chatarra en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina, Nutrición, Enfermería y Tecnología Médica de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés-2016. Metodología: Descriptivo - transversal el análisis estadístico se utilizó SPSS Vr. 19 Resultados: De 100 encuestados 69% son mujeres y 31% varones, el promedio de edad de la población estudiada fue de 22 años, 43% estudian medicina, 58% residentes en La Paz, 59% realiza actividad física, el 28% de las mujeres consume bocaditos, 38% sabe que la comida chatarra causa ECNT y su consumo en La Paz llega al 28% siendo el mayor, 36% consume al menos una vez/semana bebidas gaseosas y el 50,7% del sexo femenino reemplaza el almuerzo por comida chatarra frente al sexo masculino de 48,38%. El consumo de agua es bajo en mujeres, el 32% de 1 a 3 veces/día, el 48% reemplaza el almuerzo por comida chatarra y el 38% de medicina y 28% de nutrición tienen conocimiento de las ECNT que causan la comida chatarra.

Abstract Junk food has become part of the eating habits of our society; being a determinant of overweight and obesity are chronic non communicable diseases. According to research students in Chile was observed that 56.8% consumes junk food due to inadequate intake ofbreakfast, the omission ofcertain meal times, the consumption of this type of food do in snacks at the university or in surrounding areas because of the lack of time for the trip they make to their homes. Objective: To identify factors and determinants of consumption ofjunk food students of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of San Andres 2016. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using the survey to students of the Faculty of Medicine for the descriptive analysis ofdata SPSS 19 was used. Results: Sample of 100 students 69% female and 31% are male, The mean age of the study population was 22 years, 43% from medicine, 58% live in the city of La Paz, the total 59% do physical activity, females have a frequency of 28% consumption of snacks, 38% know that junk food causes chronic disease, eating junk reaches 28% in La Paz being the highest, 36% consumes once / week fizzy drinks and 50.7% female replaced by junk food lunch male versus 48.38%. water consumption is low in women of32% from 1 to3 times /day, 48% replaces lunch for junk food and 38% medical and 28 % knowledge of nutrition have chronic disease causing junk food.

The current treatment for aortic aneurysms is to install an endovascular stent in the aortic lumen. The most common complication of stents is endoleaks. Those defined as a peri-prosthetic vascular leak, in the aneurysm sac, are usually asymptomatic. If not detected early, they can progress with the growth and rupture of the aneurysm. The method of choice for evaluation is angiography by computed tomography (CT). The aim of this pictorial review is to describe and illustrate the imaging findings of the different types of endoleaks in computed tomography angiograms (5 types).

El tratamiento actual de los aneurismas aórticos es la instalación de una endoprótesis en el lumen aórtico por vía endovascular. La complicación más frecuente de las endoprótesis son los endoleaks. Los que se definen como flujo vascular peri-protésico, en el saco aneurismático, generalmente asintomático. De no ser detectados a tiempo, pueden progresar con el crecimiento y rotura del aneurisma. El método de elección para su evaluación es la angiografía mediante tomografía computada (TC). El objetivo de la presente revisión pictográfica es describir e ilustrar los hallazgos imaginológicos de los diferentes tipos de endoleaks en angiografía por tomografía computada (cinco tipos).

Tomato fruits are perishable products that require treatments such as coating films to extend their shelf life. Because of this and to avoid use of synthetic chemicals to prevent physical deterioration during postharvest, we evaluated the effects of an edible coating polymer latex poly (vinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol), P (VAc-co-VA), at three concentrations (0, 50 and 100%) in tomato fruits. The trial was conducted at room temperature conditions (31± 4 °C; with RH of 30 ± 5%) and temperature-controlled (12 ± 1°C; with RH of 75 ± 5%). Fruits coated with P (VAc-co-VA) at 100 and 50% showed significantly higher physical properties (weight and firmness) after storage than fruits without the coating. Total soluble solids (° Brix) were also significantly higher in fruits either stored at controlled temperature or coated with P (VAc-co-VA) at 100 and 50% than in fruits stored at room temperature or without coating. Our results suggest that P(VAc-co-VA) coatings are suitable agents to preserve tomato fruit shelf life for a longer time.

Los frutos de tomate son productos perecederos que requieren tratamientos para prolongar su vida útil, como pueden ser las películas para recubrimientos. Debido a esto y con el propósito de evitar el uso de agroquímicos sintéticos para evitar el deterioro físico durante poscosecha, se evaluaron los efectos de un recubrimiento comestible de látex polimérico poli (acetato de vinilo-co-alcohol vinílico), P (VAc-co-VA), a tres concentraciones (0, 50 y 100%) en frutos de tomate. El ensayo se realizó en condiciones de temperatura ambiente (31 ± 4 °C; con HR de 30 ± 5%) y bajo temperatura controlada (12 ± 1 °C; con HR de 75 ± 5%). Los frutos tratados con recubrimiento de P (VAc-co-VA) al 100 y 50% fueron significativamente superiores, al conservar por más tiempo sus características físicas (peso y firmeza) en comparación con los tratamientos sin el recubrimiento. En cuanto a sólidos solubles totales (°Brix), los resultados revelaron que los tomates conservados a temperatura controlada y los tratados con 100 y 50% del recubrimiento polimérico presentaron valores de grados Brix significativamente más elevados que los frutos mantenidos a temperatura ambiente o no recubiertos. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados el látex de P (VAc-co-VA) tiene buen potencial para su uso como recubrimiento protector de frutos de tomate durante poscosecha.

The objective of this study was to describe the clinical signs associated to the experimental infection of Paragonimus mexicanus in cats. Eight cats of 2.5 to 4 months of agewereorallyinfectedwith 7 to20metacercariae. In thephysicalexamination duringthe acute phase was found fever, wet cough, and enlargement of the inguinal lymph node, while in the chronic phase wet cough, positive tracheal reflex and increase of the breath sound. On the complete blood count was found leukocytosis with different degrees of lymphocytosis, neutrophilia and eosinophilia in the acute phase and leukocytosis with an increase of eosinophilia in the chronic phase. On the ultrasonography examination, enlargement of the vesicular wall, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and increase in liver echogenicitywere found, especiallyduring the acute phase. The early radiological findings included bronchiectasis focus, bronchial thickening and increased radiopacity of lung lobes,whilein thechronicphaseradiopaqueovoidstructuresin thepulmonaryparenchyma and bronchiectasis were observed. The period between infection and presence of P. mexicanus eggs in the faeces was between 41 and 71 days. The necropsy confirmed the presence of cysts and parasites in the lungs

El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir signos clínicos asociados con la infección experimental con Paragonimus mexicanus en gatos. Se emplearon ocho gatos de 2.5 a 4 meses de edad, que fueron infectados con 7 a 20 metacercarias por vía oral. En el examen físico durante la fase aguda se encontró aumento de la temperatura corporal, cuadros de tos productiva y un aumento de tamaño del nódulo linfático inguinal, y en la fase crónica cuadros de tos productiva, reflejo traqueal positivo y aumento del murmullo vesicular. En el hemograma se encontró leucocitosis con grados variables de linfocitosis, neutrofilia y eosinofilia en la fase aguda, y leucocitosis por aumento de eosinófilos en la fase crónica. A través de la ecografía abdominal se encontró engrosamiento de la pared vesicular, esplenomegalia, hepatomegalia y aumento de ecogenicidad hepática, especialmente durante la fase aguda. Los hallazgos radiológicos tempranos incluyeron focos de bronquiectasia y de engrosamiento bronquial y aumento de radiopacidad de lóbulos pulmonares, y en etapas posteriores se observaron estructuras radiopacas ovoides en parénquima pulmonar y bronquiectasia. El periodo entre la inoculación de las metacercarias hasta la observación de huevos de P. mexicanus en heces fue de 41 a 70 días. En la necropsia se confirmó la presencia de quistes y parásitos a nivel pulmonar

Objective. To describe and classify coronary and non-coronary cardiovascular findings using CT Angiography of coronary arteries in a group of patients treated at the University of Chile Clinical Hospital. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 87 CT Angiograms of coronary arteries. The presence of coronary atheromatous disease and its severity was recorded and classified as non significant (<50%) or significant stenosis (>50%), subdividing this latter group into moderate (51-70%), severe (71-99%) or occlusion (100%). In each patient the number of affected arteries was recorded. The presence of coronary stents and bypass was analyzed, showing their location and permeability. Non-coronary cardiovascular findings were recorded. Results. A total of 51 patients had coronary atheromatous disease that was able to be classified using CT Angiography. Of these, 14 (27%) showed non significant stenosis and 37 (73%) significant stenosis. In the cases with significant stenosis 19 were moderate, 11 severe and 7 occlusion. The number of affected arteries was one in 43% of the patients, two in 39% and three in18%. Five patients had coronary stents, one of those occluded. Three patients had triple coronary bypass, each with at least one occluded graft. Fourteen patients showed non-coronary cardiovascular findings, the most common being aortic valve disease. Conclusion. The CT Angiogram of coronary arteries is a useful examination to classify atheromatous coronary disease and determine its severity. It is useful for evaluating coronary stents and bypass, and to determine their permeability. It also provides information relating to non-coronary diagnosis on cardiac, aortic and pericardial levels.

Objetivo. Describir y caracterizar los hallazgos coronarios y cardiovasculares no coronarios en Angio-TC de arterias coronarias de una cohorte de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. Materiales y método. Se revisaron retrospectivamente 87 Angio-TC de arterias coronarias. Se registró la presencia de enfermedad ateromatosa coronaria y su severidad, clasificándola en estenosis no significativa (<50%) o significativa (>50%), subdividiendo a este último grupo en moderada (51-70%), severa (71-99%) u oclusión (100%). En cada paciente se registró el número de arterias comprometidas. Se analizó la presencia de stents y bypass coronarios, señalando su localización y permeabilidad. Se registraron hallazgos cardiovasculares no coronarios. Resultados. Un total de 51 pacientes presentó enfermedad ateromatosa coronaria caracterizable por Angio-TC. De éstos, 14 (27%) mostraron estenosis no significativa y 37 (73%) estenosis significativa. En los casos con estenosis significativa 19 fueron moderada, 11 severa y 7 oclusión. El número de arterias comprometidas fue una en el 43% de los pacientes, dos en el 39% y tres en el 18%. Cinco pacientes presentaban stents coronarios, uno de ellos ocluido. Tres pacientes presentaban triple bypass coronario, cada uno con al menos un puente ocluido. Catorce pacientes mostraron hallazgos cardiovasculares no coronarios, siendo el más frecuente la valvulopatía aórtica. Conclusión. El Angio-TC de arterias coronarias es un examen útil para caracterizar la enfermedad ateromatosa coronaria y determinar su severidad. Es útil para evaluar stents y bypass coronarios y determinar su permeabilidad. Brinda también información sobre diagnósticos no coronarios a nivel cardiaco, aórtico y pericárdico.

In the postnatal phase in mammalians, the vasodilatation of the pulmonary arterioles is critical, since this will affect the amount of blood passing through the alveoli for oxygenation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the diameter, the thickness of the muscle layer and the relationship muscle layer/arteriolar diameter (CM/DA) as indication of changes in the vascular lumen in the postnatal period of baby alpacas. Lungs of 36 alpacas between 1 to 45 days of age were obtained according to nine age groups (one group each 5 days of age). The lung histological sections were stained with Mallory’s phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. The arteriolar diameter showed a significant increase (p<0.05) between age groups 1 and 2 versus 7, 8 and 9. The thickness of the muscle layer showed no significant changes between groups, while the CM/DA relationship values decreased with age (groups 1 and 2 were statistical different of groups 6, 7, 8 and 9; p<0.05). It is concluded that the CM/DA relationship decreases and the lumen of pulmonary arterioles increases according to age, and this is due to increased arteriolar diameter (p<0.05) but not to thickness of smooth muscles.

En la etapa posnatal de mamíferos es de vital importancia la vasodilatación de las arteriolas pulmonares, pues de estas dependerá la cantidad de sangre que pase por los alveolos para ser oxigenada. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar el diámetro, el grosor de la capa muscular y la relación capa muscular/diámetro arteriolar (CM/DA) para evaluar los cambios de la luz vascular en la etapa posnatal de crías de alpaca. Se utilizaron pulmones de 36 alpacas de 1 a 45 días de edad, distribuidos en nueve grupos etarios (un grupo por cada cinco días de edad). Los cortes histológicos de pulmón fueron coloreados con hematoxilina fosfotúngstica de Mallory. El diámetro arteriolar pulmonar mostró un incremento significativo (p<0.05) entre los grupos etarios 1 y 2 versus 7, 8 y 9. El grosor de la capa muscular no evidenció cambios significativos entre grupos, mientras que los valores de la relación CM/DA se incrementaron con la edad, habiendo diferencias estadísticas entre grupos etarios 1 y 2 versus 6, 7, 8 y 9 (p<0.05). Se concluye que la relación CM/DA disminuye y el lumen de las arteriolas pulmonares aumenta a medida que la edad de los animales se incrementa, debido al aumento del diámetro arteriolar pulmonar (p<0.05), mas no del grosor del músculo liso.